Left: rue Constantine, to become rue de Lutece, 1860, 4th arrondissement. This is on Ile de la Cite, the island in the middle of the Seine. This land was heavily redeveloped under Napoleon III's and Haussmann's plans for Paris, and these buildings were demolished. Haussmann wanted to make Notre Dame the center of Paris, and of France. Today there is a brass marker in the square in front of Notre Dame that is point zero - I think all distances are measured from it. Charles Marville is the photographer, and the book, Le Nouveau Paris is edited by Philippe Mellot.

Right: Gustave Courbet painted Fox in the Snow in 1860 and it showed in the Paris Salon of 1861, to a positive response. The picture is now the Dallas Museum of Art.

This year Paris grew from 12 to 20 Arrondissements, the number it currently has, and increased in size from 3400 to 7800 hectares. The arrondissements are arranged like the shell of a snail, circling out from 1, 2, 3 and 4 on the Right bank. 4 includes the Louvre and islands in the Seine and goes over to Bastille. 5, 6 and 7 are on the Left bank, and 8 is back over near Charles DeGaulle and the Champs Eyleses. They continue on the Right bank to 11 and 12 to the east of Bastille. 13 crosses back to the Left bank and goes up to 15, when they recross the river with 16 - 20 becoming the outer northern edge of the city. Map is from Paris Practique, 1999. (AF)

Etienne Lenior developed an early auto powered by gas. In 1863 it traveled 18 kilometers, from Paris to Joinville le Pont, in three hours. (CHF)

Composer Richard Wagner visits Paris. (CHF)

The creation of the Universal Israelite Alliance in Paris. (CHF)

More broadly:

> The creation of the first domestic refrigerator using an ammonia gas as a refrigerant. Ferdinand Carre gets the credit. (AF)

> By the Treaty of Turin Nice and Savoy join France after a plebicite. (AF)

> The French send a force to, and occupy, Syria. The intention was to give support to Marmonite Christians against the Druse. (CHF)

> The French and English have an expeditionary force in China, they occupy Peking and extract concessions in the Treaty of Peking. (CHF)